Cystoid macular edema after pars plana vitrectomy for retained lens fragments.

Cystoid macular edema after pars plana vitrectomy for retained lens fragments.

J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006 Sep;32(9):1521-1526.

From the Department of Ophthalmology (Cohen), University of South Florida, Tampa, and Warrington College of Business (Davis), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Cukrowski), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.

PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and clinical course in patients with cystoid macular edema (CME) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for retained lens fragments.

SETTING: Retina group, private practice.

METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of 91 patients who had PPV for retained lens fragments. The patients were followed for at least 6 months. Patients with concomitant eye diseases that adversely affected macular examination or macular function were excluded.

RESULTS: Four (8%) of 50 eyes with a sulcus-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implanted at cataract extraction and 19 (46%) of 41 eyes with aphakia or an anterior chamber IOL developed CME

The CME developed a mean of 4 months after PPV. Treatment consisted of steroid eyedrops in all eyes; 17 eyes were also treated with a topical cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and 5 eyes received posterior sub-Tenon's steroid injections. The CME resolved a mean of 2 months after 1 treatment course in 12 eyes, which had a final visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The CME resolved, recurred, and then resolved in 6 eyes. In these eyes, the first incidence lasted a mean of 4 months. The second episode occurred a mean of 5 months after the initial episode resolved and took a mean of 3 months to resolve. Final visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 5 of these eyes. The CME persisted in 5 eyes that were followed for a mean of 30 months. None of these eyes had an acuity of 20/40 or better.

CONCLUSIONS: Sulcus placement of a PC IOL at cataract extraction was associated with a reduced risk for CME. The prognosis for eyes that develop CME after PPV for retained lens fragments is guarded. Long-term therapy should be considered because of the high rate of recurrence.

PMID: 16931266 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Intestinal edema decreases intestinal contractile activity via decreased myosin light chain phosphorylation.

Intestinal edema decreases intestinal contractile activity via decreased myosin light chain phosphorylation.

August 15, 2006

Uray KS,
Laine GA,
Xue H,
Allen SJ,
Cox CS Jr.

From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, TX; and the Michael E. DeBakey Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of interstitial edema on intestinal contractile activity.

DESIGN:

Randomized animal study.

SETTING:

University laboratory.

SUBJECTS:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats. I

INTERVENTION:

Intestinal edema was induced in rats by a combination of fluid infusion and mesenteric venous hypertension. Rats were divided into four groups:

CONTROL, sham; RESUS, saline infusion only; RESUS+VH, saline infusion and venous hypertension; and VH, venous hypertension only. Edema development, basal contractile activity, maximum agonist-induced contractile response (measured as total force generation during the first 2 mins after carbachol treatment), and myosin light chain phosphorylation were measured in the distal small intestine.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

The amount of interstitial fluid, indicated by the wet-to-dry ratio, increased significantly in both the RESUS and RESUS+VH groups as early as 30 mins after surgery compared with the CONTROL group. Whereas the tissue fluid remained significantly elevated in the RESUS+VH group up to 6 hrs after surgery, the RESUS group wet-to-dry ratios returned to CONTROL group levels by 2 hrs after surgery. Basal contractile activity was significantly less in the RESUS+VH group compared with either the RESUS group or the CONTROL group 6 hrs after surgery. Maximum contractile response decreased significantly in the RESUS+VH group compared with the RESUS group. Basal contractile activity and maximum contractile response did not change significantly in the VH group compared with the CONTROL group. The phosphorylated fraction of myosin light chain was significantly lower in the RESUS+VH group compared with the CONTROL group at 0.5, 2, and 6 hrs after surgery.

CONCLUSION:

We conclude that edema decreases myosin light chain phosphorylation, leading to decreased intestinal contractile activity.

PMID: 16915113 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Foot Edema (Foot Swelling) During Pregnancy

Why are my ankles and toes so swollen?

What you're experiencing is called edema — that's the medical term for when excess fluid collects in your tissue. It's normal to have a certain amount of this swelling during pregnancy because you retain more water while you're pregnant, and certain changes in your blood chemistry cause some fluid to shift into your tissue.Why does it collect in the legs and feet? When you're pregnant, your growing uterus puts pressure on your pelvic veins and on your vena cava (a large vein on the right side of your body that receives blood from your lower limbs and carries it back to the heart). The pressure slows down circulation and causes blood to pool in your legs, forcing fluid from your veins into the tissues of your feet and ankles. This increased pressure is relieved when you lie on your side. And since the vena cava is on the right side of your body, left-sided rest works best.Edema is most likely to be an issue during your third trimester, particularly at the end of the day, and it may be worse during the summer. After you have your baby, the swelling will disappear fairly rapidly as your body eliminates the excess fluid. As a result, you may find yourself urinating frequently and sweating a lot in the first days after childbirth.

When should I be concerned about swelling?

A certain amount of edema is normal in the ankles and feet during pregnancy. You may also have some mild swelling in your hands. However, call your midwife or doctor if you notice swelling in your face or puffiness around your eyes, more than slight swelling of your hands, or excessive or sudden swelling of your feet or ankles. It could be a sign of preeclampsia, a serious condition. Also call your caregiver if you notice that one leg is significantly more swollen than the other, especially if you have any pain or tenderness in your calf or thigh.

Can I do anything to minimize the puffiness?

Here are a few tips:

• Put your feet up whenever possible. At work, it helps to keep a stool or pile of books under your desk; at home, lie on your left side when possible. Don't cross your legs or ankles while sitting.

• Stretch your legs frequently while sitting: Stretch your leg out, heel first, and gently flex your foot to stretch your calf muscles. Rotate your ankles and wiggle your toes.

• Take breaks from sitting or standing. Take a short walk every so often to keep your blood circulating.

• Wear comfort able shoes that stretch to accommodate the swelling. Don't wear socks or stockings with tight bands around your ankles or calves.

• Try waist-high maternity support stockings. Put them on before you get out of bed in the morning, so blood has no chance to pool around your ankles.

• Drink plenty of water. Surprisingly, this helps your body retain less water.

• Exercise regularly, especially by walking, swimming, or riding an exercise bike. Or try a water-aerobics class — immersion in water can help reduce swelling, particularly if the water level is up near your shoulders.

• Eat well, and avoid junk food.And try not to let it get you down. Although the sight of your swollen ankles will probably add to your feelings of ungainliness, edema is a temporary condition that will pass soon after you give birth.

Baby Center

Arm Edema and Breast Cancer Patients

Arm Swelling Common Among Young Breast Cancer Patients

Highlight:Researchers found that slightly more than half of 580 women diagnosed with breast cancer in one study experienced swelling, or lymphedema, in their arms or hands after the surgical removal of the breast or the tumor.

This swelling was persistent among nearly one-third of the women. Women with lymphedema reported their quality of life as lower than did women without the problem.
“Women don't know about lymphedema,” said Electra Paskett, the study's lead author and a professor of epidemiology and biostatistics in the School of Public Health at Ohio State University .

“When a breast cancer survivor has swelling in her arm, she may immediately think that her cancer has come back,” she continued. “And the swelling, which may occur at any time, is a constant reminder of having had cancer.”

For most women, the swelling takes place on the same side of the body as the affected breast. And it's generally not a sign of cancer's recurrence, Paskett said. Lymphedema can be painful, as the arm becomes fluid-filled, heavy and stiff and the skin becomes tight. Affected patients may have problems using their arms or hands. They also often need to buy clothes that are otherwise too big in order to fit the swollen limb.

Lymphedema is caused by a build-up of lymphatic fluid. The lymphatic system serves as a source of immune cells and includes organs and tissues such as bone marrow, the spleen, and lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, round masses of tissue that filter lymphatic fluid and can also trap cancer or bacteria cells that flow through the blood.

Removing or sampling the lymph nodes during surgery is fairly common, as they can serve as a conduit by which cancer can spread throughout the body. Both lymph node removal and radiation can disrupt the flow of lymph fluid.

“The lymph system is like a freeway,” Paskett said. “If there is construction or a wreck, all of the cars back up. That's sort of what happens with lymphedema - there is a traffic jam, and the fluid gathers in the arm, hand and fingers.”

She presented the findings on June 11 in Philadelphia at the U.S. Department of Defense's Breast Cancer Research Program 2005 'Era of Hope' Meeting.

This research is part of a larger national study called the Menstrual Cycle Maintenance and Quality of Life study. The overarching goal of this larger study is to see if young women who undergo chemotherapy can get pregnant, and if they can, what effect pregnancy may have on breast cancer recurrence.

The participants were recruited between 1998 and 2001. For the lymphedema analysis, Paskett and her colleagues examined the data from 580 women who were surveyed every six to 12 months over a three-year period. The women in this study were 18 to 45 years old at the time of their breast cancer diagnosis.

All of the women in the study were diagnosed with either stage 1, 2 or 3 breast cancer - all of the cancers were localized, meaning that tumors had not spread throughout the body.
About half ( 55 percent, or 319 ) of the women reported arm and/or hand swelling at some point within three years after joining the study. About a third ( 29 percent, or 168 ) of the women reported persistent swelling sometime during the follow-up period.

The researchers aren't sure exactly why this swelling happens to some women and not to others. But the problem was more prevalent in women who had a higher number of lymph nodes removed during surgery. Curiously, being married was associated with an increased chance of having lymphedema, although the researchers don't know why.

Women who reported arm or hand swelling also reported having a lower health-related quality of life.

While there is no cure for lymphedema, swelling can be reduced through massage or by wearing a compression garment. The latter is a tight sleeve or glove that forces lymph fluid out of the hand and arm and back into the body.

“Lymphedema can occur anywhere that lymph nodes are either removed or treated with radiation therapy,” Paskett said.

She conducted the study with Jill Abbott, a program manager at Ohio State's Comprehensive Cancer Center; Michelle Naughton and Thomas McCoy, both with the Wake Forest University School of Medicine; and Jeanne Petrek, formerly of Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York. Petrek, who started the Menstrual Cycle Maintenance and Quality of Life study, passed away earlier this year, Paskett said.

This work was supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.
Electra Paskett614-293-3917Ohio State Universityhttp://researchnews.osu.edu

http://www.newstarget.com/008735.html

Prostate Edema and Seed Implants - Related Abstracts

Potential impact of prostate edema on the dosimetry of permanent seed implants using the new 131Cs (model CS-1) seeds.

Chen Z,
Deng J,
Roberts K,
Nath R.

Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA.

Our aim in this work was to study the potential dosimetric effect of prostate edema on the accuracy of conventional pre- and post-implant dosimetry for prostate seed implants using the newly introduced 131Cs seed, whose radioactive decay half-life (approximately 9.7 days) is directly comparable to the average edema resolution half-life (approximately 10 days) observed previously by Waterman et al. for 125I implants [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 41, 1069-1077 (1998)]. A systematic calculation of the relative dosimetry effect of prostate edema on the 131Cs implant was performed by using an analytic solution obtained previously [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 47, 1405-1419 (2000)]. It was found that conventional preimplant dosimetry always overestimates the true delivered dose as it ignores the temporary increase of the interseed distance caused by edema. The overestimation for 131Cs implants ranged from 1.2% (for a small edema with a magnitude of 10% and a half-life of 2 days) to approximately 45% (for larger degree edema with a magnitude of 100% and a half-life of 25 days). The magnitude of pre- and post-implant dosimetry error for 131Cs implants was found to be similar to that of 103Pd implants for typical edema characteristics (magnitude <>

PMID: 16696473 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

* * * *

Effect of edema, relative biological effectiveness, and dose heterogeneity on prostate brachytherapy.

April 2006


Wang JZ,
Mayr NA,
Nag S,
Montebello J,
Gupta N,
Samsami N,
Kanellitsas C.

Department of Radiation Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. wang.993@osu.edu

Many factors influence response in low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy of prostate cancer. Among them, edema, relative biological effectiveness (RBE), and dose heterogeneity have not been fully modeled previously. In this work, the generalized linear-quadratic (LQ) model, extended to account for the effects of edema, RBE, and dose heterogeneity, was used to assess these factors and their combination effect. Published clinical data have shown that prostate edema after seed implant has a magnitude (ratio of post- to preimplant volume) of 1.3-2.0 and resolves exponentially with a half-life of 4-25 days over the duration of the implant dose delivery. Based on these parameters and a representative dose-volume histogram (DVH), we investigated the influence of edema on the implant dose distribution. The LQ parameters (alpha=0.15 Gy(-1) and alpha/beta=3.1 Gy) determined in earlier studies were used to calculate the equivalent uniform dose in 2 Gy fractions (EUD2) with respect to three effects: edema, RBE, and dose heterogeneity for 125I and 103Pd implants. The EUD2 analysis shows a negative effect of edema and dose heterogeneity on tumor cell killing because the prostate edema degrades the dose coverage to tumor target. For the representative DVH, the V100 (volume covered by 100% of prescription dose) decreases from 93% to 91% and 86%, and the D90 (dose covering 90% of target volume) decrease from 107% to 102% and 94% of prescription dose for 125I and 103Pd implants, respectively. Conversely, the RBE effect of LDR brachytherapy [versus external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy] enhances dose effect on tumor cell kill. In order to balance the negative effects of edema and dose heterogeneity, the RBE of prostate brachytherapy was determined to be approximately 1.2-1.4 for 125I and 1.3-1.6 for 103Pd implants. These RBE values are consistent with the RBE data published in the literature. These results may explain why in earlier modeling studies, when the effects of edema, dose heterogeneity, and RBE were all ignored simultaneously, prostate LDR brachytherapy was reported to show an overall similar dose effect as EBRT and HDR brachytherapy, which are independent of edema and RBE effects and have a better dose coverage.

PMID: 16696479 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

* * * *

Dosimetric effects of edema in permanent prostate seed implants: a rigorous solution.

Chen Z,
Yue N,
Wang X,
Roberts KB,
Peschel R,
Nath R.

Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06504, USA. zhe.chen@yale.edu

PURPOSE: To derive a rigorous analytic solution to the dosimetric effects of prostate edema so that its impact on the conventional pre-implant and post-implant dosimetry can be studied for any given radioactive isotope and edema characteristics.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: The edema characteristics observed by Waterman et al (Int. J. Rad. Onc. Biol. Phys, 41:1069-1077; 1998) was used to model the time evolution of the prostate and the seed locations. The total dose to any part of prostate tissue from a seed implant was calculated analytically by parameterizing the dose fall-off from a radioactive seed as a single inverse power function of distance, with proper account of the edema-induced time evolution. The dosimetric impact of prostate edema was determined by comparing the dose calculated with full consideration of prostate edema to that calculated with the conventional dosimetry approach where the seed locations and the target volume are assumed to be stationary.

RESULTS: A rigorous analytic solution on the relative dosimetric effects of prostate edema was obtained. This solution proved explicitly that the relative dosimetric effects of edema, as found in the previous numerical studies by Yue et. al. (Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 43, 447-454, 1999), are independent of the size and the shape of the implant target volume and are independent of the number and the locations of the seeds implanted. It also showed that the magnitude of relative dosimetric effects is independent of the location of dose evaluation point within the edematous target volume. It implies that the relative dosimetric effects of prostate edema are universal with respect to a given isotope and edema characteristic. A set of master tables for the relative dosimetric effects of edema were obtained for a wide range of edema characteristics for both (125)I and (103)Pd prostate seed implants.

CONCLUSIONS: A rigorous analytic solution of the relative dosimetric effects of prostate edema has been derived for a class of edema characterized by Waterman et al. The solution proved that the dosimetric effects caused by the edema are universal functions of edema characteristics for a given isotope. It provides an efficient tool to examine the relative dosimetric effects of edema for any given edema characteristics and for any isotopes that may be considered for prostate implants.

PMID: 10889396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

* * * *

Edema-induced increase in tumour cell survival for 125I and 103Pd prostate permanent seed implants--a bio-mathematical model.

April 2002

Yue N,
Chen Z,
Nath R.

Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.

Edema caused by the surgical procedure of prostate seed implantation expands the source-to-point distances within the prostate and hence decreases the dose coverage. The decrease of dose coverage results in an increase in tumour cell survival. To investigate the effects of edema on tumour cell survival, a bio-mathematical model of edema and the corresponding cell killing by continuous low dose rate irradiation (CLDRI) was developed so that tumour cell surviving fractions can be estimated in an edematous prostate for both 125I and 103Pd seed implants. The dynamic nature of edema and its resolution were modelled with an exponential function V(T) = V(p)(1 + M exp(-0.693T/ T(e))) where V(p) is the prostate volume before implantation, M is the edema magnitude and T(e) is edema half-life (EHL). The dose rate of a radioactive seed was calculated according to AAPM TG43, i.e. D = SkAg(r)phi(an)/r2, where r is the distance between a seed and a given point. The distance r is now a function of time because of edema. The g(r) was approximated as 1/r(0,4) and 1/r(0.8) for 125I and 103Pd, respectively. By expanding the mathematical expression of the resultant dose rate in a Taylor series of exponential functions of time, the dose rate was made equivalent to that produced from multiple fictitious radionuclides of different decay constants and strengths. The biologically effective dose (BED) for an edematous prostate implant was then calculated using a generalized Dale equation. The cell surviving fraction was computed as exp(-alphaBED), where alpha is the linear coefficient of the survival curve. The tumour cell survival was calculated for both 125I and 103Pd seed implants and for different tumour potential doubling time (TPDT) (from 5 days to 30 days) and for edemas of different magnitudes (from 0% to 95%) and edema half-lives (from 4 days to 30 days). Tumour cell survival increased with the increase of edema magnitude and EHL. For a typical edema of a half-life of 10 days and a magnitude of 50%. the edema increased tumour cell survival by about 1 and 2 orders of magnitude for 125I and 103Pd seed implants respectively. At the extreme (95% edema magnitude and an edema half-life of 30 days), the increase was more than 3 and 5 orders of magnitude for 125I and I03Pd seed implants respectively. The absolute increases were almost independent of TPDT and the prostate edema did not significantly change the effective treatment time. Tumour cell survival for prostate undergoing CLDRI using 125I or 103Pd seeds may be increased substantially due to the presence of edema caused by surgical trauma. This effect appears to be more pronounced for 103Pd than 125I because of the shorter half-life of 103Pd. If significant edema is observed post implantation, then a boost to the prostate using external beam radiotherapy may be considered as a part of the treatment strategy.

PMID: 11996063 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

* * * *

Edema-induced increase in tumour cell survival for 125I and 103Pd prostate permanent seed implants--a bio-mathematical model.

April 2002

Yue N,
Chen Z,
Nath R.

Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.

Edema caused by the surgical procedure of prostate seed implantation expands the source-to-point distances within the prostate and hence decreases the dose coverage. The decrease of dose coverage results in an increase in tumour cell survival. To investigate the effects of edema on tumour cell survival, a bio-mathematical model of edema and the corresponding cell killing by continuous low dose rate irradiation (CLDRI) was developed so that tumour cell surviving fractions can be estimated in an edematous prostate for both 125I and 103Pd seed implants. The dynamic nature of edema and its resolution were modelled with an exponential function V(T) = V(p)(1 + M exp(-0.693T/ T(e))) where V(p) is the prostate volume before implantation, M is the edema magnitude and T(e) is edema half-life (EHL). The dose rate of a radioactive seed was calculated according to AAPM TG43, i.e. D = SkAg(r)phi(an)/r2, where r is the distance between a seed and a given point. The distance r is now a function of time because of edema. The g(r) was approximated as 1/r(0,4) and 1/r(0.8) for 125I and 103Pd, respectively. By expanding the mathematical expression of the resultant dose rate in a Taylor series of exponential functions of time, the dose rate was made equivalent to that produced from multiple fictitious radionuclides of different decay constants and strengths. The biologically effective dose (BED) for an edematous prostate implant was then calculated using a generalized Dale equation. The cell surviving fraction was computed as exp(-alphaBED), where alpha is the linear coefficient of the survival curve. The tumour cell survival was calculated for both 125I and 103Pd seed implants and for different tumour potential doubling time (TPDT) (from 5 days to 30 days) and for edemas of different magnitudes (from 0% to 95%) and edema half-lives (from 4 days to 30 days). Tumour cell survival increased with the increase of edema magnitude and EHL. For a typical edema of a half-life of 10 days and a magnitude of 50%. the edema increased tumour cell survival by about 1 and 2 orders of magnitude for 125I and 103Pd seed implants respectively. At the extreme (95% edema magnitude and an edema half-life of 30 days), the increase was more than 3 and 5 orders of magnitude for 125I and I03Pd seed implants respectively. The absolute increases were almost independent of TPDT and the prostate edema did not significantly change the effective treatment time. Tumour cell survival for prostate undergoing CLDRI using 125I or 103Pd seeds may be increased substantially due to the presence of edema caused by surgical trauma. This effect appears to be more pronounced for 103Pd than 125I because of the shorter half-life of 103Pd. If significant edema is observed post implantation, then a boost to the prostate using external beam radiotherapy may be considered as a part of the treatment strategy.

PMID: 11996063 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

* * * *

The impact of edema on planning 125I and 103Pd prostate implants.

Yue N,
Dicker AP,
Nath R,
Waterman FM.

Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.

Permanent transperineal interstitial 125I and 103

Pd prostate implants are generally planned to deliver a specific dose to a clinically defined target volume; however, the post-implant evaluation usually reveals that the implant delivered a lower or higher dose than planned. This difference is generally attributed to such factors as source placement errors, overestimation of the prostate volume on CT, and post-implant edema. In the present work we investigate the impact of edema alone. In routine prostate implant planning, it is customary to assume that both the prostate and seeds are static throughout the entire treatment time, and post-implant edema is not taken into consideration in the dosimetry calculation. However, prostate becomes edematous after seed implantation, typically by 50% in volume [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 41, 1069-1077 (1998)]. The edema resolves itself exponentially with a typical half-life of 10 days. In this work, the impact of the edema-induced dynamic change in prostate volume and seed location on the dose coverage of the prostate is investigated. The total dose delivered to the prostate was calculated by use of a dynamic model, which takes edema into account. In the model, the edema resolves exponentially with time, as reported in a separate study based on serial CT scans [Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 41, 1069-1077 (1998)]. The model assumes that the seeds were implanted exactly as planned, thus eliminating the effect of source placement errors. Implants based on the same transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images were planned using both 125I and 103Pd sources separately. The preimplant volume and planned seed locations were expanded to different degrees of edema to simulate the postimplant edematous prostate on day 0. The model calculated the dose in increments of 24 h, appropriately adjusting the prostate volume, seed locations, and source strength prior to each time interval and compiled dose-volume histograms (DVH) of the total dose delivered. A total of 30 such DVHs were generated for each implant using different combinations of edema half-life and magnitude. In addition, a DVH of the plan was compiled in the conventional manner, assuming that the prostate volume and seeds were static during treatment. A comparison of the DVH of the static model to the 30 edema corrected DVHs revealed that the plan overestimated the total dose by an amount that increased with the magnitude of the edema and the edema half-life. The maximum overestimation was 15% for 125I and 32% for 103Pd. For more typical edema parameters (a 50% increase in volume and a 10 day half-life) the static plan for 125I overestimated the total dose by about 5%, whereas that for 103Pd overestimated it by about 12%.

PMID: 10360539 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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