Macular Edema
Cystoid Macular Edema
Also referred to as:
Macular Edema
Macular Swelling
Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a swelling of the macula which most commonly presents after routine, uncomplicated cataract surgery. The condition presents with decreased visual acuity, most commonly 4 to 12 weeks following surgery. Sometimes the condition presents as early as a few days, or as late as many months, after surgery.
The eye usually looks good on examination and a fluorescein angiogram is required to confirm the diagnosis. The fluorescein angiogram shows leakage of fluid in the macula indicating the edema (swelling). A fluorescein angiogram is an extraordinarily safe, in-office procedure, in which fluorescein dye is given IV or sometimes orally followed by retinal photography. X-rays are not used in a fluorescein angiogram, though this is a common misconception.
Patients diagnosed with CME are usually started, or re-started, on steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye-drop medications. Some ophthalmologists also prefer to give a steroid injection adjacent to the eye or underneath the outer layers of the eye. Patients are usually followed every few weeks until resolution. The majority of patients will recover excellent acuity though a small percentage may have permanently reduced vision.
Other conditions associated with spontaneous development of CME include diabetic retinopathy, uveitis or iritis, retinitis pigmentosa, and other inflammatory syndromes.
Anterior Uveitis
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Uveitis
There are no related Eye Procedures
Cataract / General
Glaucoma
Vitreo-retinal
Angiography
Ophthalmoscopy
Visual acuity
Diabetic Macular Edema
Diabetes is the most common cause of blindness among working-aged people, and all people living with the disease should monitor their eye health carefully. Over time, diabetes can lead to diabetic retinopathy, which is damage to the blood vessels in the retina. As this damage continues, blood vessels in the retina begin to leak fluid.
This, in turn, can lead to a condition known as diabetic macular edema, or DME, where fluid accumulates in the macula. Patients with DME typically experience blurred vision which may progress to blindness.
Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) affects up to 10% of all patients with diabetes1
Up to 75,000 new cases occur every year1
Up to 30% of patients with DME will experience moderate visual loss (doubling of the visual angle)1
There are two kinds of DME:
Focal DME is caused by tiny abnormalities in blood vessels, known as microaneurysms. These leaking microaneurysms can lead to vision loss.
Diffuse DME is caused by widening (dilation) of retinal capillaries (extremely thin, narrow blood vessels) throughout the back of the eye.
What are the Symptoms of DME?
All patients who suffer from diabetes have a risk of developing DME. The symptoms of DME can include:
Blurred vision
Double vision
Floaters (small black dots or lines made up of cellular debris seen "floating" across the front of the eye) These floaters may temporarily interfere with vision. They are also linked with other eye diseases.
What Causes DME?
DME is linked with the following:
The degree of diabetic retinopathy (problems with blood vessels in the retina related to diabetes)
The length of time a patient has had diabetes
The type of diabetes each patient has (the milder the diabetes, the lower the incidence of DME)
Severe hypertension (high blood pressure)
Fluid retention
Hypoalbuminemia (low protein in body fluids)
Hyperlipidemia (high levels of fats in the blood)
Many of these conditions can make DME worse, but when they are treated and controlled, DME may get better.
How is DME Treated?
Laser treatment for focal DME:
Focal laser treatment may be used to treat focal DME.
The goal of treatment is to close leaking microaneurysms to help maintain current vision and reduce progressive visual loss.
The laser light is absorbed by the blood inside the microaneurysms using green and yellow wavelengths.
Confirm closure at the end of the treatment session, and retreat if necessary.
Laser treatment for diffuse DME :
Grid laser treatment is used to treat diffuse DME.
The goal of treatment is to produce a mild to moderately intense retinal burn to help maintain current vision and reduce progressive visual loss.
A fluorescein angiogram may guide treatment.
Three months after treatment the patient should be rechecked to make sure that the DME is responding to therapy.
Realistic Expectations:
In 3-6 months, expect retinal thickening and hard exudates (concentrated areas of protein) to start to improve.
The excess fluid that leads to edema (swelling) will begin to reabsorb into the surrounding tissues.
Eventually the bodily substances that create the hard exudates will be reabsorbed as well. Be aware that as the swelling begins to improve, hard exudates may increase temporarily in the eye. This is a sign of improvement, and the exudates will soon disappear.
The reality is: even after successful treatment, some people do not experience improved vision. However, if vision remains stable, continued treatment could be beneficial.
posted by Pat O'Connor @ 1:19 AM
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